PhD thesis,

Structure of Turkish national identity and attitudes towards ethno-cultural groups in Turkey

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York University (Canada), Ann Arbor, Ph.D., (2008)(ISSP).

Abstract

This research investigated the structure of Turkish national identity with respect to its ethno-cultural and civic dimensions and the association of these identity dimensions with inclusive attitudes towards ethnic and cultural minorities in Turkey. In Study 1, Turkish citizens living in Turkey provided their conceptions, definitions, and descriptions of Turkishness and these were coded for national identity content. Moreover, endorsement of ethno-cultural and civic markers of Turkish identity and the strength of national identification were measured. Stronger endorsement of both ethno-cultural and civic conceptions was associated with less inclusive attitudes towards ethno-cultural groups in Turkey and increased prejudice against Kurds. Strength of national identification was the strongest predictor and moderated some of these relationships; stronger identification was associated with more exclusionary attitudes especially for those who strongly endorsed ethno-cultural identity markers. In Study 2, the strength of ethno-cultural and civic markers of national identity was systematically manipulated in a scenario describing a Turkish citizen. The target who displayed stronger civic and stronger ethno-cultural markers was evaluated more favourably and as more Turkish in general. Once again, the strength of an individual's national identification moderated these relationships; stronger identification predicted less comfort with, less attractiveness, and less favourable evaluations of the target with weak ethno-cultural markers. Results are discussed in terms of the construction and meaning of the Turkish national identity. Implications for policies regarding national in-group boundaries and future research are discussed.

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