This paper investigates an essential aspect of the entrepreneurial personality: why women’s self-employment rates are consistently lower than those of men. It has three focal points. It discriminates between the preference for self-employment and actual involvement in self-employment using a two (probit) equation model. It makes a systematic distinction between different ways in which gender influences the preference for and actual involvement in self-employment (mediation and moderation). It includes perceived ability as a potential driver of self-employment next to risk attitude, self-employed parents and other socio-demographic drivers. A representative data set of more than 8000 individuals from 29 countries (25 \EU\ Member States, US, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein) is used (the 2004 Flash Eurobarometer survey). The findings show that women’s lower preference for becoming self-employed plays an important role in explaining their lower involvement in self-employment and that a gender effect remains that may point at gender-based obstacles to entrepreneurship.
%0 Journal Article
%1 verheul2012explaining
%A Verheul, Ingrid
%A Thurik, Roy
%A Grilo, Isabel
%A van der Zwan, Peter
%D 2012
%J Journal of Economic Psychology
%K 2012 EB_input2016 Eurobarometer FDZ_IUP SCOPUSindexed SSCIindexed article checked determinants_of_entrepreneurship english entrepreneurial_personality entrepreneurship fdz_jb gender indexproved input2016 latent_and_nascent_ review_proved reviewed
%N 2
%P 325-341
%R 10.1016/j.joep.2011.02.009
%T Explaining preferences and actual involvement in self-employment: Gender and the entrepreneurial personality
%U http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167487011000249
%V 33
%X This paper investigates an essential aspect of the entrepreneurial personality: why women’s self-employment rates are consistently lower than those of men. It has three focal points. It discriminates between the preference for self-employment and actual involvement in self-employment using a two (probit) equation model. It makes a systematic distinction between different ways in which gender influences the preference for and actual involvement in self-employment (mediation and moderation). It includes perceived ability as a potential driver of self-employment next to risk attitude, self-employed parents and other socio-demographic drivers. A representative data set of more than 8000 individuals from 29 countries (25 \EU\ Member States, US, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein) is used (the 2004 Flash Eurobarometer survey). The findings show that women’s lower preference for becoming self-employed plays an important role in explaining their lower involvement in self-employment and that a gender effect remains that may point at gender-based obstacles to entrepreneurship.
@article{verheul2012explaining,
abstract = {This paper investigates an essential aspect of the entrepreneurial personality: why women’s self-employment rates are consistently lower than those of men. It has three focal points. It discriminates between the preference for self-employment and actual involvement in self-employment using a two (probit) equation model. It makes a systematic distinction between different ways in which gender influences the preference for and actual involvement in self-employment (mediation and moderation). It includes perceived ability as a potential driver of self-employment next to risk attitude, self-employed parents and other socio-demographic drivers. A representative data set of more than 8000 individuals from 29 countries (25 \{EU\} Member States, US, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein) is used (the 2004 Flash Eurobarometer survey). The findings show that women’s lower preference for becoming self-employed plays an important role in explaining their lower involvement in self-employment and that a gender effect remains that may point at gender-based obstacles to entrepreneurship. },
added-at = {2019-03-20T18:49:19.000+0100},
author = {Verheul, Ingrid and Thurik, Roy and Grilo, Isabel and van der Zwan, Peter},
biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/23057cbf64d06a004e403250754ce6078/gesis_dump},
doi = {10.1016/j.joep.2011.02.009},
interhash = {e04e86bdbbdd96bd4b3e6bc1348bab04},
intrahash = {3057cbf64d06a004e403250754ce6078},
issn = {0167-4870},
journal = {Journal of Economic Psychology },
keywords = {2012 EB_input2016 Eurobarometer FDZ_IUP SCOPUSindexed SSCIindexed article checked determinants_of_entrepreneurship english entrepreneurial_personality entrepreneurship fdz_jb gender indexproved input2016 latent_and_nascent_ review_proved reviewed},
note = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.02.009. (Eurobarometer)},
number = 2,
pages = {325-341},
study = {2004 Flash EB},
tagadata-svko-dda-test = {10816},
tagadata-svkoddatest2 = {10809},
timestamp = {2019-10-01T13:01:25.000+0200},
title = {Explaining preferences and actual involvement in self-employment: Gender and the entrepreneurial personality },
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167487011000249},
volume = 33,
year = 2012
}